Fresh green and coloured fruits of hoho used for cooking, salads, stuffing and seasoning.
Pollination
self
Origin / where it grows
Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho) is widely grown in irrigated and rainfed vegetable areas in East Africa, especially near towns and irrigation schemes.
Weather, soil & spacing
Best temperature
18–28 °C
Rainfall
700–1000 mm/yr
Altitude
0–2200 m
Best pH
6–6.8
Soil type
Deep, well-drained loam or sandy loam with plenty of organic matter. Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho) prefers fertile, well-structured soils.
Row spacing
75 cm
Plant spacing
40 cm
Planting depth
1.5 cm
Seed rate
0.4 kg/ha
Nursery days
35
Simple notes for farmers
About the crop:
This crop is annual. You plant, grow and harvest it in one main season, then plant again.
You can normally start harvesting about 130 days after planting, depending on care and variety.
Main use:
Farmers mostly grow this crop for fresh green and coloured fruits of hoho used for cooking, salads, stuffing and seasoning..
Pollination:
This crop is mainly pollinated by self. Keeping flowers healthy and having insects like bees in the field helps improve fruit set and yields.
Where it grows:
Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho) is widely grown in irrigated and rainfed vegetable areas in East Africa, especially near towns and irrigation schemes.
It is grouped under:
Vegetables.
Best climate:
This crop does well in warm areas where the temperature is usually between
18 and 28 degrees Celsius.
It prefers places that receive around 700 to 1000 millimetres of rain in a year.
It can grow from near sea level up to about 2200 metres above sea level.
Soil:
The crop grows best in slightly acidic to near neutral soils, with a pH of about
6 to 6.8.
It does well in deep, well-drained loam or sandy loam with plenty of organic matter. capsicum / bell pepper (hoho) prefers fertile, well-structured soils.. Good drainage is important, so avoid waterlogged spots.
Plant spacing:
Plant in rows about 75 centimetres apart, and leave about 40 centimetres between plants in the row.
This gives each plant enough space for roots and canopy to spread.
Planting depth:
Dig planting holes or furrows about 1.5 centimetres deep so the roots sit firmly in the soil but are not buried too deep.
Seed or planting material:
Use around 0.4 kilograms of seed or planting material per hectare.
Spread or plant evenly so the field has a good stand without being overcrowded.
Nursery period:
If you raise seedlings in a nursery, keep them there for about 35 days before transplanting to the main field, when they are strong and healthy.
Farmer guide (mwongozo wa mkulima)
Planting:Raise Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho) seedlings in a nursery bed or trays using fine soil and compost. Keep moist and protect from heavy rain and strong sun. Transplant healthy seedlings with 4–6 true leaves into the field on cool, cloudy days or in the late afternoon.
Transplanting:Water nursery before lifting seedlings. Transplant with a small ball of soil around roots and firm soil gently around each plant. Avoid burying the stem too deep.
Irrigation:Keep soil evenly moist but not waterlogged, especially during flowering and fruit filling. Avoid long dry spells followed by heavy irrigation as this can cause flower and fruit drop.
Fertigation:With drip irrigation, feed small doses of NPK frequently. Increase potassium and calcium around fruiting to get firm, good quality hoho fruits and to reduce blossom-end rot.
Pest scouting:Inspect weekly for aphids, whiteflies, mites, thrips, fruit borers and diseases. Check the underside of leaves, flowers and young fruits of hoho for insects and spots.
Pruning:Stake and tie Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho) plants where possible. Remove dead, diseased and very low branches to improve airflow and make harvesting easier.
Harvest:Harvest green hoho when fruits are full-sized, firm and shiny. For coloured peppers, leave fruits to turn red, yellow or orange depending on variety, but harvest before they become over-soft.
Postharvest:Handle fruits of hoho gently, avoid squeezing and dropping. Harvest into clean crates, keep in shade, and store in a cool, well-ventilated room to delay shrivelling and rots.
Nutrient schedule (mbolea kwa hatua)
#
Stage
DAP
Product
Rate
Targets (kg/ha)
Notes
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
1
Basal at transplanting
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250 kg/ha
N: 42,
P₂O₅: 42,
K₂O: 42
Band fertilizer 5–8 cm away from hoho seedlings and cover with soil.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
2
Early topdress
21
CAN 26% N
100 kg/ha
N: 26,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply between rows of hoho when soil is moist; irrigate or lightly incorporate.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
3
Fruiting topdress (N + K)
40
NPK 12-6-24 or urea + SOP/MOP
150 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 9,
K₂O: 36
Supports fruit set and filling in Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho); avoid too much late nitrogen.
Nutrient requirements
Nutrient
Stage
Amount
Unit
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
N
Basal
50
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
60
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
60
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
40
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
30
kg/ha
N
Topdress_fruiting
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_fruiting
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_fruiting
60
kg/ha
Field images (picha shambani)
Capsicum imported image
Primary
Capsicum imported image
Capsicum imported image
Name
Country
Maturity
Traits
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Hybrid blocky hoho (green/red)
KE
120
Large blocky fruits, thick walls, good yield and market value.
Coloured hoho hybrid (yellow/orange)
KE
130
Attractive coloured fruits, good for high-value markets.
Local hoho type
KE
110
Traditional taste, smaller fruits and lower yield than hybrids.
Stage
Product
Rate (kg/ha)
Notes
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
250
Gives balanced nutrients for early hoho growth.
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
100
Apply once or twice during vegetative growth of Capsicum / Bell pepper (hoho).
Topdress (K source)
Sulfate of potash (SOP) or high-K NPK
100
Improves fruit size, firmness and colour of hoho.
Organic
Well-rotted farmyard manure or compost
8000
Apply before transplanting to improve soil structure, moisture holding and biological activity.
Name
Type
Symptoms
Management
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small soft-bodied insects on hoho shoots and leaf undersides, curled leaves, sticky honeydew and sooty mould...
Encourage natural enemies, remove heavily infested shoots and use selective insecticides or biopesticides when populatio...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects flying up when hoho plants are disturbed, sticky honeydew, yellowing leaves and virus transmission.
Use yellow sticky traps, remove severely affected plants, and apply selective products when necessary.
Thrips
pest
Silvery streaks and small brown spots on hoho leaves and fruits, distorted growing tips and scarred fruits.
Reduce weeds, use blue or yellow sticky traps and apply targeted insecticides/biopesticides based on scouting.
Fruit borer / bollworm
pest
Holes in hoho fruits, with caterpillars and droppings inside; fruits rot and drop.
Collect and destroy infested fruits, use pheromone traps where available and apply recommended insecticides early.
Bacterial leaf spot
disease
Small water-soaked spots on hoho leaves and fruits that enlarge and turn dark, sometimes cracking.
Use clean seed, avoid working in fields when wet, rotate crops and use copper-based protectants where pressure is high.
Powdery and downy mildews
disease
White powdery growth or yellow patches on leaves of hoho, leading to leaf drop and weak plants.
Keep canopies open, avoid overhead irrigation in the evening and apply appropriate fungicides when needed.
Viral diseases (mosaic, leaf curl)
disease
Mottled, curled and twisted leaves, stunting and poor fruiting in hoho.
Use healthy seed/seedlings, control aphids and whiteflies and rogue out severely affected plants early.
System
Typical
Min
Max
Notes
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Open-field hoho, low input
8
5
12
Local or open-pollinated varieties, little fertilizer and limited pest control.
Open-field hoho, improved management
25
15
35
Hybrid seed, staking where needed, recommended fertilizer and regular pest and disease management.
Irrigated net-house / greenhouse hoho
60
40
80
Protected cultivation, high-performing hybrids, drip and fertigation, and strong crop protection.
Country
Region
Planting
Harvest
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
KE
Irrigated hoho belts and river valleys
Most months (with irrigation)
Starts about 2–3 months after transplanting and continues for several pickings
KE
Mid-altitude rainfed hoho areas (long rains)
Mar–Apr
Jun–Aug
KE
Short-rains hoho season
Oct–Nov
Jan–Mar
TZ
Peri-urban and irrigated Capsicum / hoho zones
Most months with water and good disease control
Multiple pickings starting 2–3 months after transplanting
