Young leaves and tender shoot tips cooked as vegetables, often mixed with other African leafy vegetables and served with ugali or other staples.
Pollination
insect
Origin / where it grows
Black nightshade (managu/osuga) grows widely in East Africa in home gardens, small fields and around towns, both as a wild and domesticated vegetable.
Weather, soil & spacing
Best temperature
18–26 °C
Rainfall
600–900 mm/yr
Altitude
800–2500 m
Best pH
6–6.8
Soil type
Fertile, well-drained loam or sandy loam with good organic matter so Black nightshade (managu/osuga) can keep producing tender leaves.
Row spacing
40 cm
Plant spacing
20 cm
Planting depth
1 cm
Seed rate
3 kg/ha
Nursery days
25
Simple notes for farmers
About the crop:
This crop is annual. You plant, grow and harvest it in one main season, then plant again.
You can normally start harvesting about 75 days after planting, depending on care and variety.
Main use:
Farmers mostly grow this crop for young leaves and tender shoot tips cooked as vegetables, often mixed with other african leafy vegetables and served with ugali or other staples..
Pollination:
This crop is mainly pollinated by insect. Keeping flowers healthy and having insects like bees in the field helps improve fruit set and yields.
Where it grows:
Black nightshade (managu/osuga) grows widely in East Africa in home gardens, small fields and around towns, both as a wild and domesticated vegetable.
It is grouped under:
Vegetables.
Best climate:
This crop does well in warm areas where the temperature is usually between
18 and 26 degrees Celsius.
It prefers places that receive around 600 to 900 millimetres of rain in a year.
It can grow from near sea level up to about 2500 metres above sea level.
Soil:
The crop grows best in slightly acidic to near neutral soils, with a pH of about
6 to 6.8.
It does well in fertile, well-drained loam or sandy loam with good organic matter so black nightshade (managu/osuga) can keep producing tender leaves.. Good drainage is important, so avoid waterlogged spots.
Plant spacing:
Plant in rows about 40 centimetres apart, and leave about 20 centimetres between plants in the row.
This gives each plant enough space for roots and canopy to spread.
Planting depth:
Dig planting holes or furrows about 1 centimetres deep so the roots sit firmly in the soil but are not buried too deep.
Seed or planting material:
Use around 3 kilograms of seed or planting material per hectare.
Spread or plant evenly so the field has a good stand without being overcrowded.
Nursery period:
If you raise seedlings in a nursery, keep them there for about 25 days before transplanting to the main field, when they are strong and healthy.
Farmer guide (mwongozo wa mkulima)
Planting:Sow Black nightshade (managu/osuga) in a small nursery bed or trays using fine soil mixed with compost. Keep moist and partly shaded during hot hours. Transplant healthy seedlings to the field once they are 10–15 cm tall.
Transplanting:Water the nursery before lifting. Transplant in the late afternoon or on a cloudy day, plant at the same depth, firm soil gently and water immediately.
Irrigation:Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. Regular moisture after each picking helps plants to regrow quickly and keep leaves soft.
Fertigation:Where drip is available, give small, frequent doses of balanced fertilizer with a bit more nitrogen to support leafy growth, but avoid overdoing it near harvest.
Pest scouting:Inspect Black nightshade (managu/osuga) weekly for leaf-eating caterpillars, aphids, whiteflies and leaf spots. Look at the growing tips and lower leaves.
Pruning:Pinch or cut the top early to encourage branching, then harvest leaves and young shoots regularly instead of uprooting the whole plant.
Harvest:Begin harvesting 5–7 weeks after transplanting when plants have enough leaves. Cut tender shoots and leaves, leaving some foliage so plants can regrow.
Postharvest:Harvest in the cool morning or evening. Keep bunches in shade, avoid crushing and sprinkle lightly with clean water if they start to wilt. Deliver to market quickly.
Nutrient schedule (mbolea kwa hatua)
#
Stage
DAP
Product
Rate
Targets (kg/ha)
Notes
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
1
Basal at transplanting or sowing
0
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120 kg/ha
N: 20,
P₂O₅: 20,
K₂O: 20
Apply along rows or broadcast and incorporate lightly before planting Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
2
Early topdress
14
CAN 26% N
60 kg/ha
N: 16,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Place fertilizer between rows and lightly mix with soil or water in.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
3
Topdress after first main harvest
35
Urea 46% N or CAN
40 kg/ha
N: 18,
P₂O₅: 0,
K₂O: 0
Apply after cutting to support continued leafy production.
Nutrient requirements
Nutrient
Stage
Amount
Unit
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
N
Basal
30
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Basal
40
kg/ha
K₂O
Basal
40
kg/ha
N
Topdress_early
25
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_early
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_early
20
kg/ha
N
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
P₂O₅
Topdress_after_cut
0
kg/ha
K₂O
Topdress_after_cut
20
kg/ha
Field images (picha shambani)
Black Nightshade imported image
Primary
Black Nightshade imported image
Black Nightshade imported image
Name
Country
Maturity
Traits
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Local Black nightshade (managu)
KE
60
Traditional type, good taste and widely accepted in local markets.
Improved African nightshade selection
KE
65
More uniform plants, larger leaves and better yield.
Wild–cultivated mix (osuga types)
TZ
70
Mixture of local lines, tolerant and adaptable under low inputs.
Stage
Product
Rate (kg/ha)
Notes
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Basal
NPK 17-17-17 or 15-15-15
120
Provides a balanced start for Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Topdress (N source)
CAN 26% N or urea
60
Apply once or twice depending on crop colour and vigour.
Organic
Well-rotted manure or compost
6000
Apply before planting to improve soil structure and moisture holding.
Name
Type
Symptoms
Management
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
Leaf-eating caterpillars
pest
Large and small holes in leaves and feeding damage on the growing tips of Black nightshade (managu/osuga).
Handpick on small plots, encourage natural enemies and use Bt or other recommended insecticides when damage is still low...
Aphids
pest
Clusters of small insects on tender shoots causing curling leaves, yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Avoid excess nitrogen, encourage natural enemies and apply selective insecticides/biopesticides when infestations are he...
Whiteflies
pest
Small white insects on underside of leaves of Black nightshade (managu/osuga), causing yellowing and sticky honeydew.
Monitor regularly, remove heavily infested lower leaves and use recommended insecticides where needed.
Spider mites
pest
Fine webbing and small yellow specks on leaves, especially in hot, dry conditions.
Maintain some humidity, avoid dusty conditions and use miticides or biopesticides if necessary.
Leaf spots (fungal)
disease
Brown or dark spots on leaves that may enlarge and lead to leaf drop.
Avoid overhead irrigation late in the day, improve airflow, rotate crops and remove infected leaves.
Root and stem rots
disease
Wilting plants, darkened stems near soil level and rotted roots in wet areas.
Use raised beds or well-drained soils and avoid overwatering.
System
Typical
Min
Max
Notes
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Backyard / low-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
7
4
10
Some manure, little fertilizer, irregular picking and basic pest control.
Open-field Black nightshade, improved management
12
8
18
Good spacing, regular weeding, timely fertilizer and frequent harvests.
Irrigated or high-input Black nightshade (managu/osuga)
20
15
28
Irrigation or reliable water, fertigation and tight pest and disease management.
Country
Region
Planting
Harvest
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
KE
Highland and mid-altitude Black nightshade (managu/osuga) zones
During rains or with supplementary irrigation
Main harvests from 5–7 weeks after transplanting, then repeated pickings.
KE
Peri-urban irrigated vegetable belts
Most of the year with reliable water
Continuous harvest over several weeks.
TZ
Urban and smallholder vegetable-growing areas
Rainy seasons and under irrigation
Multiple cuttings starting around 6–8 weeks after sowing.
Country
Region
Suitability
KE
Highland and mid-altitude vegetable zones
High
KE
Peri-urban and rural homestead gardens
High
TZ
Urban and irrigated Black nightshade (managu/osuga) belts
High
UG
Smallholder vegetable zones around towns and trading centres
